Remember that time you were elbow-deep in a plumbing project, maybe rerouting a sprinkler system or finally fixing that leaky shower, and suddenly, disaster struck? A brittle fitting cracked under the slightest pressure, sending a spray of water everywhere? Yeah, me too. We’ve all been there, wrestling with subpar materials and wishing we’d invested in something more reliable from the get-go. Choosing the right materials, especially when dealing with hot or corrosive liquids, can make all the difference between a weekend DIY win and a soggy, frustrating mess. That’s why finding the best cpvc pipe fittings is crucial for any project demanding durability and resistance.
So, if you’re tired of gambling with plumbing supplies and are ready to invest in fittings that will actually last, you’ve come to the right place. We’ve put together a comprehensive guide to help you navigate the world of CPVC fittings. From understanding the different types available to knowing which features to prioritize, we’ll equip you with the knowledge you need to confidently choose the best options for your specific needs. Get ready to say goodbye to leaks and hello to a plumbing system you can depend on!
We’ll review the best cpvc pipe fittings shortly, but first, check out some relevant products on Amazon:
Why Your Pipes Deserve the Best CPVC Pipe Fittings
Ever wonder why your shower suddenly turns scalding hot or ice-cold? Or perhaps you’ve dealt with a leaky pipe, causing a mini-indoor swimming pool? More often than not, the culprit isn’t just the pipe itself, but the connections that hold everything together – the fittings. When it comes to hot water and high-pressure situations, Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride, or CPVC, steps in as a champion. Selecting the right CPVC material can literally prevent headaches down the road.
Now, navigating the world of pipe fittings can feel like deciphering a foreign language with terms like couplings, elbows, tees, and unions swirling around. Don’t fret! Think of it like building with LEGOs. Each fitting is a unique brick designed to connect your pipes in specific ways, creating a strong and leak-proof system. Did you know that, according to a study by the Plastics Pipe Institute, CPVC piping systems boast a service life of 50 to 75 years? This longevity hinges significantly on choosing high-quality components, which starts with understanding what makes some fittings superior to others.
So, what makes the best CPVC pipe fittings, well, the best? It’s not just about the brand name. It’s about factors like the material’s chemical resistance, the precision of the manufacturing, and the fitting’s ability to withstand high temperatures and pressures without failing. A poorly made fitting can compromise your entire plumbing system, leading to costly repairs and potential water damage.
In the following sections, we will explore the crucial aspects to consider when choosing CPVC fittings. We will delve into different types, discuss key features to look for, and guide you toward making informed decisions that ensure your plumbing system is reliable and long-lasting. Consider this your friendly guide to plumbing peace of mind!
Best Cpvc Pipe Fittings – Reviewed
Spears 1/2″ CPVC Coupling
The Spears CPVC coupling is a reliable choice for joining two 1/2″ CPVC pipes. Its straightforward design makes installation a breeze, whether you’re a seasoned plumber or a DIY enthusiast tackling a weekend project. The tight, solvent-welded connection ensures a leak-proof seal, giving you peace of mind knowing your plumbing system is secure and dependable.
This coupling is built to last, able to withstand high temperatures and pressures commonly found in residential and commercial plumbing systems. Its corrosion-resistant CPVC material means it won’t degrade over time, even with prolonged exposure to harsh water conditions. For a simple and effective solution to joining CPVC pipes, the Spears coupling is a solid pick.
Nibco 3/4″ CPVC 90-Degree Elbow
Need to make a sharp turn in your CPVC plumbing line? The Nibco 3/4″ 90-degree elbow is the perfect fitting for the job. Crafted from durable CPVC, this elbow is built to withstand the rigors of everyday use, providing a long-lasting and reliable connection. Its smooth interior walls ensure optimal flow, minimizing pressure drops and maximizing the efficiency of your plumbing system.
This elbow offers a seamless fit with standard 3/4″ CPVC pipes, making installation quick and easy. Just apply CPVC cement, twist, and hold for a secure, leak-free joint. Whether you’re rerouting pipes around obstacles or creating a new branch in your system, the Nibco 90-degree elbow offers the strength and performance you need.
Charlotte Pipe 1″ CPVC Tee
The Charlotte Pipe CPVC tee is a plumbing essential for branching off a main CPVC line. Its robust construction ensures a secure and leak-proof connection, even under demanding conditions. It’s made to withstand high temperatures and pressures, which makes it suitable for both hot and cold water applications. The tee’s smooth interior walls contribute to excellent flow rates throughout your plumbing system.
Installation is relatively straightforward when you follow recommended CPVC cementing practices. With proper solvent welding, you’ll get a strong and durable joint you can depend on for years. Charlotte Pipe is a trusted name in plumbing, and this CPVC tee lives up to that reputation with its reliable performance and long-lasting durability.
Genova Products 1/2″ CPVC Male Adapter
If you’re looking to transition from CPVC pipe to a threaded fitting, the Genova Products 1/2″ CPVC male adapter is a great choice. It provides a secure and durable connection between your CPVC plumbing and components like valves or appliances that have threaded inlets. The CPVC material is resistant to corrosion and high temperatures, which ensures a long-lasting, leak-free seal.
This adapter is easy to install, simply solvent-welding to the CPVC pipe and threading into the corresponding female fitting. Its durable construction and reliable performance make it an ideal component for various plumbing applications. Consider this adapter when you need to incorporate threaded connections into your CPVC system.
Lasco Fittings 3/4″ CPVC Cap
When you need to close off the end of a 3/4″ CPVC pipe, look no further than the Lasco Fittings CPVC cap. This fitting provides a clean and secure way to terminate a line or create a temporary plug for pressure testing. Its durable CPVC construction guarantees a long-lasting seal that can withstand both high temperatures and pressures, meaning you can count on its reliability.
The Lasco CPVC cap offers a simple and effective solution for capping off CPVC pipes. Its easy installation process, involving just CPVC cement, will make capping off pipes a breeze. Whether you’re winterizing a plumbing system or capping off a line for future expansion, this fitting delivers the performance you need with minimal hassle.
Why Invest in CPVC Pipe Fittings?
Imagine waking up to a cold shower on a frosty morning. Frustrating, right? One major reason people choose CPVC pipe fittings is their reliability in hot water systems. CPVC, or Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride, is specially engineered to withstand high temperatures without warping or degrading. Unlike some other materials that can become brittle or even leach chemicals into your water over time, CPVC pipe fittings ensure your hot water stays hot and your water supply remains clean and safe for your family. Choosing the best CPVC pipe fittings safeguards your plumbing system and your peace of mind.
Beyond hot water, think about the potential damage a leaky pipe can cause. Water damage can lead to mold growth, structural issues, and costly repairs. CPVC pipe fittings offer superior chemical resistance, making them ideal for various applications beyond just potable water. They’re resistant to many household chemicals and cleaning agents, reducing the risk of corrosion and leaks. By using the best CPVC pipe fittings, you’re investing in a robust and long-lasting plumbing solution that minimizes the chances of future headaches and expenses associated with water damage.
Consider a commercial setting where downtime can translate to significant financial losses. Restaurants, hospitals, and manufacturing plants rely heavily on reliable plumbing systems. CPVC pipe fittings are a popular choice in these environments because of their durability and resistance to corrosive substances. The best CPVC pipe fittings not only handle the demands of high-volume water usage but also withstand the constant exposure to harsh cleaning chemicals, ultimately extending the lifespan of the entire plumbing infrastructure and minimizing costly interruptions to critical operations.
Ultimately, investing in CPVC pipe fittings, especially the best CPVC pipe fittings available, is an investment in longevity, reliability, and peace of mind. Whether it’s ensuring a comfortable shower experience, protecting your home from water damage, or maintaining seamless operations in a commercial setting, CPVC offers a durable and dependable solution. It’s about building a robust plumbing system that performs reliably for years to come, saving you time, money, and unnecessary stress in the long run.
Understanding CPVC Schedules and Classes
Ever wondered why CPVC pipes and fittings come with terms like “Schedule 40” or “Schedule 80?” These classifications aren’t just random numbers; they indicate the pipe’s wall thickness and, consequently, its pressure-bearing capability. Schedule 40 is generally used for residential plumbing, while Schedule 80, with its thicker walls, is better suited for more demanding applications where higher pressures or temperatures are involved, such as industrial settings. Think of it like choosing between a regular car tire and a heavy-duty truck tire – both serve the same purpose, but one is designed for a much tougher load.
Knowing the schedule or class of your CPVC fittings is crucial for ensuring the longevity and safety of your plumbing system. Using Schedule 40 in a high-pressure environment designed for Schedule 80 could lead to leaks or even burst pipes, resulting in costly repairs and potential damage. Conversely, using Schedule 80 where Schedule 40 would suffice might be overkill and add unnecessary expense.
Choosing the right schedule depends on factors like water pressure, temperature, and the specific application. Always consult local plumbing codes and manufacturer specifications to determine the appropriate schedule for your needs. In a residential setting, for instance, Schedule 40 might be fine for most potable water lines, but if you’re running hot water to a spa or have particularly high water pressure, Schedule 80 might be a safer bet.
Imagine you’re installing a new irrigation system. Knowing the water pressure coming from your main line is key. If it’s higher than what Schedule 40 can handle, opting for Schedule 80 fittings for the main trunk line can prevent unexpected bursts and keep your garden properly watered all season long. Don’t underestimate the power of understanding these seemingly simple numbers!
Essential Tools and Materials for CPVC Installation
Installing CPVC fittings correctly requires more than just the fittings themselves. Having the right tools and materials on hand will not only make the job easier but also ensure a leak-proof and long-lasting connection. Think of it like baking a cake – you can’t just throw the ingredients together and hope for the best; you need the right measuring cups, mixing bowls, and oven.
A pipe cutter specifically designed for CPVC is a must-have. It provides a clean, square cut that’s essential for proper bonding. A standard saw can leave ragged edges that can compromise the joint’s integrity. Additionally, CPVC cement and primer, designed specifically for CPVC, are crucial for creating a strong, chemical-resistant bond. Don’t be tempted to use PVC cement, as it won’t work properly with CPVC.
Other helpful tools include deburring tools to smooth out any rough edges after cutting, measuring tapes to ensure accurate pipe lengths, and gloves to protect your hands from the cement and primer. Also, remember to have clean rags handy to wipe away any excess cement. Investing in quality tools will not only make the installation process smoother but also minimize the risk of errors that could lead to leaks down the line.
Picture this: you’re replacing a leaky faucet. You’ve got the new faucet, but you’re missing a CPVC pipe cutter. Trying to use a hacksaw might result in a jagged cut, preventing the fitting from seating properly and leading to a frustrating leak. Having the right tools from the start will save you time, money, and a whole lot of headaches.
Proper CPVC Bonding Techniques
The secret to a leak-free CPVC plumbing system lies in the bonding process. It’s not just about slapping some cement on and hoping for the best. Proper bonding involves a series of steps that, when followed correctly, create a strong, permanent fusion between the pipe and the fitting. Think of it like welding metal – preparation and technique are everything.
The first step is to ensure both the pipe and fitting are clean and dry. Any dirt, grease, or moisture can interfere with the bonding process. Next, apply CPVC primer to both surfaces. The primer softens the CPVC material, allowing the cement to penetrate and create a stronger bond. Don’t skip this step; it’s crucial for a reliable connection.
After priming, apply a generous, even coat of CPVC cement to both the pipe and the fitting. Immediately insert the pipe into the fitting and give it a slight twist to distribute the cement evenly. Hold the joint firmly for about 30 seconds to allow the cement to set. This prevents the pipe from pushing out and ensures a tight seal.
Imagine you’re installing a new shower. A poorly bonded CPVC joint behind the wall could lead to a slow, insidious leak that goes undetected for months, causing water damage and mold growth. Taking the time to properly prepare the surfaces, prime, cement, and hold the joint firmly is essential for preventing such a disaster and ensuring a relaxing, leak-free shower for years to come.
Troubleshooting Common CPVC Fitting Problems
Even with the best materials and techniques, issues can sometimes arise with CPVC fittings. Knowing how to identify and troubleshoot these problems can save you time and money in the long run. Think of it as having a basic understanding of car mechanics – you might not be able to rebuild the engine, but you can diagnose and fix a flat tire.
One common problem is leaks at the joint. This can be caused by improper bonding, using the wrong type of cement, or insufficient cure time. If you discover a leak, the best solution is usually to cut out the leaking section and replace it with a new fitting, ensuring you follow the proper bonding procedures. Trying to patch a leaking CPVC joint is rarely a successful long-term solution.
Another issue can be cracking or splitting of the fittings. This can be caused by over-tightening threaded fittings or by exposing the CPVC to extreme temperatures or chemicals it’s not designed to handle. Always use the correct size wrench and avoid over-tightening when working with threaded CPVC fittings. Consult the manufacturer’s specifications for temperature and chemical resistance.
Let’s say you’re working on a hot water recirculation system. You notice a hairline crack in a CPVC elbow near the water heater. Ignoring this crack could lead to a catastrophic failure and scalding water damage. By identifying the problem early and replacing the elbow with a properly installed fitting, you can prevent a potentially dangerous and costly situation. Regular inspections and proactive troubleshooting are key to maintaining a reliable CPVC plumbing system.
Best Cpvc Pipe Fittings: A Buyer’s Guide
Hey there! Planning a plumbing project with CPVC? Awesome choice! CPVC is a fantastic material, known for its heat resistance and durability, making it perfect for hot water lines and other demanding applications. But navigating the world of CPVC fittings can be a bit overwhelming. Don’t worry, this guide is here to help you choose the best CPVC pipe fittings for your needs, ensuring your project is a success from start to finish. Think of me as your friendly neighborhood plumbing guru, ready to share some insider tips. So, let’s dive in!
1. Material Quality and Standards: Are You Getting the Real Deal?
First things first, let’s talk about the actual CPVC material. Not all CPVC is created equal! You want to make sure you’re getting fittings made from high-quality CPVC resin that meets industry standards like ASTM D2846 for CPVC hot and cold water distribution systems. Look for markings and certifications on the fittings themselves, or on the packaging. These markings are your assurance that the fittings have been rigorously tested and meet specific performance requirements. Skimping on material quality can lead to premature failures, leaks, and headaches down the line, so it’s always worth investing in reputable brands and certified products.
Think of it like buying a car. You wouldn’t just buy any car without checking its safety ratings or knowing the reputation of the manufacturer, right? The same principle applies here. Research the manufacturer of the CPVC fittings. Do they have a good track record? Are they known for producing reliable and durable products? Reading online reviews and checking with other plumbers can give you valuable insights into the quality and reliability of different CPVC brands. Choosing the best cpvc pipe fittings starts with knowing that the materials are high quality.
2. Size and Compatibility: Getting the Perfect Fit is Key!
Okay, this might seem obvious, but it’s super important: make sure the fittings you’re buying are the right size for your CPVC pipes! CPVC pipe sizes are typically measured by their nominal diameter, which is close to, but not exactly, the outside diameter of the pipe. Always double-check the size of your pipes and select fittings that are specifically designed to match. Using mismatched sizes is a recipe for leaks and can even damage your pipes.
It’s not just about the diameter, though. You also need to consider the connection type. Are you using solvent cement welding, threaded connections, or a different method? Ensure that the fittings you choose are compatible with your chosen connection method. For example, if you’re using solvent cement, you’ll need to use fittings specifically designed for solvent welding. Trying to force a wrong-sized or incompatible fitting can not only damage the fitting itself but also compromise the integrity of your entire plumbing system.
3. Temperature and Pressure Ratings: Handling the Heat (and Pressure!)
CPVC is known for its heat resistance, but every fitting has its limits. Before you buy, carefully check the temperature and pressure ratings of the fittings you’re considering. These ratings specify the maximum temperature and pressure the fitting can safely withstand. If your application involves high temperatures or pressures, you’ll need to choose fittings that are specifically designed to handle those conditions. Using fittings that are not rated for your application can lead to premature failure and potentially dangerous situations.
Think about where the CPVC fittings will be installed. Are they going to be used for hot water lines near a boiler? Or for cold water lines in a basement? Different applications will have different temperature and pressure requirements. Always err on the side of caution and choose fittings with ratings that exceed the expected operating conditions. It’s better to have a little extra safety margin than to risk a failure due to overheating or over-pressurization. The best cpvc pipe fittings are those that are rated for the right temperatures and pressures.
4. Fitting Type and Application: Picking the Right Tool for the Job
CPVC fittings come in a wide variety of types, each designed for a specific purpose. You’ll find elbows, tees, couplings, adapters, and many more. Choosing the right type of fitting for each connection is crucial for ensuring a secure and leak-proof joint. For example, you’d use an elbow to change the direction of a pipe run, a tee to create a branch, and a coupling to connect two pipes together.
Consider the layout of your plumbing system and the specific connections you need to make. Draw a diagram or sketch of your plumbing layout to help you visualize the connections and identify the appropriate fitting types. Don’t be afraid to consult with a plumber or plumbing supplier if you’re unsure about which fittings to use. They can provide valuable advice and help you select the best fitting for each application. Remember, using the wrong type of fitting can not only lead to leaks but can also affect the overall flow and efficiency of your plumbing system.
5. Installation Method and Ease of Use: Smooth Sailing or Plumbing Nightmare?
CPVC fittings can be installed using various methods, including solvent cement welding, threaded connections, and mechanical joining systems. The installation method you choose will depend on your skill level, the tools you have available, and the specific requirements of your project. Solvent cement welding is the most common method, but it requires careful preparation and proper technique to ensure a strong and leak-proof joint. Threaded connections are easier to install, but they may be more prone to leaks if not properly sealed.
Think about your own DIY comfort level. If you’re a beginner, threaded connections might be easier to manage than solvent welding. However, if you’re comfortable with solvent welding, it can provide a more permanent and reliable connection. Regardless of the method you choose, always follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully. Proper preparation, careful execution, and the use of appropriate tools are essential for a successful installation. The easier the installation, the less chance you’ll end up with a plumbing headache!
6. Cost vs. Long-Term Value: Investing Wisely for a Leak-Free Future
While it’s tempting to go for the cheapest CPVC fittings you can find, it’s important to consider the long-term value. Lower-priced fittings may be made from lower-quality materials and may not be as durable as more expensive options. In the long run, you could end up spending more money on repairs and replacements if you choose cheap fittings. Investing in high-quality CPVC fittings from a reputable brand can save you money in the long run by reducing the risk of leaks, failures, and costly repairs.
Think of it like this: buying cheap shoes might save you money upfront, but they’ll likely wear out quickly and you’ll have to replace them sooner. Similarly, buying cheap CPVC fittings might seem like a good deal at first, but they could fail prematurely and cause significant damage. Consider the total cost of ownership, including the initial purchase price, installation costs, and potential repair costs. Sometimes, spending a little more upfront can save you a lot of money in the long run. To find the best cpvc pipe fittings, remember to evaluate the cost versus the long term value.
7. Supplier Reputation and Warranty: Your Safety Net in Case of Trouble
Finally, consider the reputation of the supplier you’re buying from and whether they offer a warranty on their CPVC fittings. A reputable supplier will stand behind their products and offer a warranty that covers defects in materials and workmanship. This gives you peace of mind knowing that you’re protected in case something goes wrong. Choose a supplier with a good reputation for customer service and a hassle-free warranty process.
Check online reviews and ask other plumbers about their experiences with different suppliers. A reliable supplier will be knowledgeable about CPVC fittings and able to answer your questions and provide technical support. They should also have a clear and straightforward warranty policy. A good warranty can save you a lot of headaches if you experience a problem with your CPVC fittings. It’s like having an insurance policy for your plumbing system. It is better to be safe than sorry. When you consider all of these factors, you are on your way to installing the best cpvc pipe fittings for the job.
So there you have it! Seven key factors to consider when choosing the best CPVC pipe fittings for your project. By keeping these points in mind, you’ll be well-equipped to select the right fittings and ensure a successful and long-lasting plumbing system. Happy plumbing!
FAQs
What exactly is CPVC, and why should I consider using it?
CPVC stands for Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride. Think of it as PVC’s tougher, more heat-resistant cousin! It’s a thermoplastic material used extensively in plumbing systems, particularly for handling hot and cold potable water. Unlike regular PVC, CPVC can withstand significantly higher temperatures, making it a safe and reliable choice for your home’s water supply, especially if you have a tank-style water heater.
Basically, if you’re replacing plumbing that needs to handle hot water, or even upgrading an older system, CPVC is often the way to go. It’s relatively easy to work with, resists corrosion, and doesn’t leach harmful chemicals into your water. Plus, it’s usually more cost-effective than copper, which is another popular option for hot water lines. It’s a win-win in terms of performance and budget!
Are CPVC pipe fittings difficult to install? Do I need special tools?
Good news – installing CPVC is generally considered DIY-friendly! While it does require a few specific steps, it’s definitely something a homeowner with basic plumbing knowledge can tackle. You’ll primarily need CPVC cement and primer, a pipe cutter (a ratcheting cutter works great), and measuring tools. No fancy torches or soldering required, which is a huge plus!
The key to a successful CPVC installation is proper preparation and using the right cement and primer. Make sure the pipe and fitting surfaces are clean and dry before applying the primer and then the cement. Rotate the fitting as you slide it onto the pipe to ensure a good, even spread of the adhesive. Holding the joint firmly for a few seconds while the cement sets helps create a strong, leak-proof bond.
What size CPVC pipe and fittings should I use for my project?
Choosing the right size CPVC is crucial for optimal water pressure and flow. It really depends on the specific application. For most residential plumbing, 1/2-inch or 3/4-inch CPVC is commonly used for water supply lines. Larger pipes, like 1-inch or greater, are typically used for main water lines or for feeding multiple fixtures simultaneously.
To figure out what size you need, consider the number of fixtures being supplied by the pipe and the distance the water needs to travel. Consulting with a professional plumber is always a good idea, especially if you’re unsure. They can assess your specific needs and recommend the appropriate pipe size to ensure your plumbing system functions efficiently and effectively.
How can I ensure a leak-proof CPVC connection?
Leak-proof connections are the name of the game! The secret sauce lies in proper surface preparation, using the correct CPVC cement and primer (specifically formulated for CPVC, not PVC), and applying them correctly. Always clean both the pipe and fitting surfaces with a clean rag to remove any dirt or debris before applying primer.
Primer softens the surfaces, allowing the cement to create a stronger bond. Make sure to apply the primer evenly, followed immediately by the CPVC cement. Rotate the fitting as you push it onto the pipe to spread the cement evenly. Hold the joint firmly for about 30 seconds while the cement begins to set. Give the connection ample time to cure completely before pressurizing the system.
Are all CPVC fittings created equal? What should I look for in terms of quality?
Not all CPVC fittings are created equal, which is why it’s important to pay attention to quality! Look for fittings that meet industry standards like ASTM D2846, which ensures the fitting has been tested and certified to meet specific performance requirements. Reputable brands typically adhere to these standards.
Check for smooth, consistent surfaces and well-defined edges on the fittings. Avoid fittings that appear brittle or have visible imperfections. A good quality CPVC fitting will be durable and able to withstand the pressure and temperature demands of your plumbing system, giving you peace of mind.
Can I connect CPVC to other types of pipe, like copper or PEX?
Yes, you can connect CPVC to other types of piping, but you’ll need to use the appropriate transition fittings. There are special fittings designed to transition from CPVC to copper (usually with a threaded connection) or from CPVC to PEX (using fittings like PEX-A or PEX-B compatible connections).
It’s really important to use the right transition fittings, and to follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully to avoid leaks or compatibility issues. Using the wrong fitting can cause premature failure of the connection and potential water damage. When in doubt, consult with a plumbing professional to ensure a safe and reliable transition.
How long will CPVC pipe and fittings typically last?
One of the great things about CPVC is its impressive lifespan. When installed correctly and used within its recommended temperature and pressure ranges, CPVC can last for 50 to 75 years, or even longer! This makes it a very durable and cost-effective choice for plumbing systems.
Factors that can affect the lifespan of CPVC include water quality, water pressure, and exposure to extreme temperatures or UV radiation (if used outdoors). Regularly inspecting your plumbing system for any signs of damage or leaks can help you catch potential problems early and extend the lifespan of your CPVC.
Conclusion
So there you have it! We’ve journeyed through the world of CPVC, exploring some of the best cpvc pipe fittings the market has to offer and equipping you with the knowledge to make a smart choice. Choosing the right fittings might seem like a small detail, but it’s the foundation of a reliable and long-lasting plumbing system. Remember to consider your specific needs, pipe size, and the demands of your project when making your final selection.
Now, armed with this guide, go forth and conquer your plumbing projects! You’ve got the insights to select the best cpvc pipe fittings for the job. Don’t hesitate to revisit this guide if you need a refresher. The satisfaction of a job well done, especially one built on a solid foundation of quality components, is truly rewarding. Happy plumbing!